1455
Gutenberg's 42-line BibleMovable metal type, oil-based ink, and a modified press, all assembled in Mainz around 1440 to 1450. Before the press, manuscript books in Europe numbered in the thousands. By 1500, after just five decades, more than nine million books were in circulation.
1517–1700
Reformation and the first information warLuther's 95 Theses (1517) sold an estimated 300,000 copies in three years. The pocket-sized paperback, pioneered by Aldus Manutius in Venice (1501), put reading in the hands of a newly literate middle class. Authorities tried licensing systems; presses just moved cities.
1839–1936
Photography meets the pageLouis Daguerre presented the daguerreotype on January 9, 1839. William Henry Fox Talbot's "The Pencil of Nature" (1844 to 1846) was the first photographically illustrated book. Jacob Riis's "How the Other Half Lives" (1890) and Dorothea Lange's "Migrant Mother" (1936, for the FSA) made photography a tool of social evidence.
1990 – Now
Digital, smartphone, verification crisisPhotoshop arrived in 1990, consumer digital cameras in 1994, the iPhone in 2007, Instagram in 2010. Visual storytelling democratized completely, while news organizations now spend real effort just verifying that the image they publish is real.
Key figures & works
Johannes Gutenberg, Aldus Manutius, William Caxton, Louis Daguerre, William Henry Fox Talbot, Jacob Riis, Dorothea Lange, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Margaret Bourke-White, Gordon Parks, Sebastião Salgado, Annie Leibovitz
Cultural shift
Print broke the church and university's monopoly on the written word. Photography then gave images the posture of mechanical objectivity, which made them unusually persuasive as evidence and unusually dangerous when faked.
How it paid
Early printers paid authors a flat fee or a presentation copy; copyright didn't exist until Britain's 1710 Statute of Anne. Newspapers invented the ad-funded model where the reader is the audience and the advertiser is the customer. The smartphone era then collapsed assignment photography by flooding the market with free imagery.